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Wildlife, trees and plants were analysed according to five functions they performed in the ecosystem: pollination, pest control, decomposition, carbon sequestration and species often recognised as being of cultural value, which included species such as birds, butterflies and bees.
Considering agricultural landscapes as networks can provide information about spatial connectivity relevant for a wide range of applications including pollination, pest management, and ecology.
Agricultural production is dependent on a variety of ecosystem services, such as pollination, pest control by predators, and nutrient cycling; however, the vast majority of these are externalities whose costs are not reflected in commodity prices.
The above-ground biodiversity of forests also comprises fauna with important ecosystem services that include pollination, pest control and seed dispersal.
Therefore, it is possible that 'damage costs' from crop raiders and livestock predators and 'opportunity costs' from the forgone expansion of cropland (Naidoo et al., 2006) could be offset by benefits from the conservation of natural habitats, such as pollination, pest control, water catchment and erosion control (Power, 2010).
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"Under current trends we are moving towards the loss of species and the ecosystem functions that are vital for human wellbeing, especially pollination and pest control," he said.
Although some native species are increasing, along with some new species that have appeared in the UK, they do not offset the losses caused by the drop in wildlife performing the functions of pollination and pest control.
At the same time, agriculture relies on ecosystem functions and services and on biodiversity, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling, and hydrological services [115].
Here, we examined how the landscape-scale proportions of OSR and SNH affect spatial and temporal community turnover in solitary bees and hoverflies, two key provider groups of pollination and pest control services in temperate agro-ecosystems.
Ecosystem services (such as carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, pollination and pest control) are generated by ecological processes in different biomes of the World and essential for socio-economic development.
We investigated how local (trees, shrubs and grass-cover in small remnant habitats) and landscape factors (amount of and distance from key habitats i.e. forest and semi-natural grasslands) affect pollination, biological pest control and seed predation.
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