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Cotton landscapes that maintain natural areas promote wild pollinator abundance and diversity, and subsequently experience reduced pollination limitation and increased crop yields.
Supplementary pollination showed pollination limitation, but not resource limitation, occurs across all species.
Supplemental hand-pollination of otherwise untreated flowers increased initial and final nut set by 66%and44%4%, respectively, indicating substantial pollination limitation.
Our study demonstrates a strong pollination limitation in South African macadamia orchards, where managed honeybees fail at delivering the increasing need for pollination services.
Current knowledge gaps preclude our understanding of how to (i) identify the major pollinator species, (ii) disentangle the direct or indirect role of ants in pollination, (iii) design effective habitat improvements for pollination (by litter and shade management), and (iv) quantify the yield gaps due to pollination limitation.
These results suggest that pollination limitation is a pre-requisite for the evolution of long corolla tubes.
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Hence their abundance is unlikely to limit pollination success in the small-flowered species, and therefore we reject pollinator limitation as a determinant of the flower size-dependent reduction in pollination success.
The fruit set from xenogamy is higher than that from control and cross-pollination under natural conditions, indicating the pollinator limitation in natural population.
Many invasive species typically either have generalized pollination systems and flowers with open accessible rewards (Richardson et al. 2000; Bjerknes et al. 2007) or overcome pollinator limitation through autonomous or pollinator-mediated self-pollination (Baker 1974; van Kleunen et al. 2008).
We focused on species with insect pollination to get insights into assumed selective effects of pollinator limitation (thus excluding Poaceae and Cyperaceae).
Fragmentation of habitats by roads, railroads, fields, buildings and other human activities can affect population size, pollination success, sexual and asexual reproduction specially in plants showing pollinator limitation, such as Mediterranean orchids.
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