The outcrossed pollinations were performed by collecting pollen in a microcentrifuge tube from at least five different genets using a buzz-pollination device (a modified electric toothbrush); vibrating the tube to thoroughly mix the pollen; and then touching the mixture to a stigma.
Overall, our study shows that the trapping devices in pollination traps of Arum have adapted to different types of pollinators.
And Apple will probably argue that SMS remains a great medium for cross-device message pollination (which is true).
Nevertheless, we found considerable variation in the size and number of trapping devices related to pollination by different types of pollinators.
In our study, the trapping devices of specialized pollination traps in Arum showed little variation in their spatial distribution within the trap.
However, few studies (Knoll, 1926; Lack & Diaz, 1991) have explicitly explored the morphology and function of trapping devices that secure successful pollination.
Various locking and releasing devices of the keel and wing petals control pollination in diverse ways favouring (or enforcing) either outcrossing or self-pollination e.g., Trifolium (clover), Medicago (alfalfa), and Lotuself-pollination erd's-foot trefoil).g.
We presume that the general design of the pollination trap is constrained because of the synorganization of different trapping devices (i.e. sterile flowers and papillate cells) required for trapping of pollinators.
The presence of trapping devices in most species studied and their uniform zonation indicates that trap pollination is a stable condition in the genus Arum, as it is in other aroid taxa with pollination traps (Bröderbauer et al., 2012).
In general, trapping hairs and slippery surfaces made up by downward-pointing papillate cells are common trapping devices that occur in several other genera of Araceae (Bröderbauer et al., 2012), in pollination traps of other angiosperms and even in the pitcher traps of carnivorous plants (Poppinga et al., 2010).
In conclusion, the overall design of pollination traps is rather uniform in most Arum spp., which is probably attributable to the synorganization of trapping devices required for trapping insects.
