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Errors could come from improperly calculating how the votes of 37-year-old white males in precinct A correlate with the votes of 37-year-old white males in precinct B, or it could be underestimating the percentage of the state-wide vote coming from precinct A. 4. The initial Wisconsin exit poll error was compounded because absentee voters were not included.
However, such an approach can suggest the direction of a poll error (in our case Brexit) and the upper bound of the error (in our case 7 10%).
I know that, and have done substantial research on poll error (with more in the works).
The discrepancy between the results and the final pre-election polls is easier to explain than the apparent exit poll error.
Similar(56)
Of course, if unobserved nonresponse is driving poll errors, it's necessary to ask how polls have done so well up to this point.
Jennings and Wlezien wrote "there is no evidence that poll errors have increased over time, and the performance in very recent elections is no exception". Even in the 11 elections that had occurred since mid-2015, the average polling error in gauging support for large parties was 2.6 percentage points, barely higher than the 2.3-point long-term average.
Subtract another five for polling error.
He won by 5.5pt – an 8pt polling error.
Labour weakness offers a more plausible explanation for the result than polling error.
That leaves only the final source of polling error, which is the potential that the polls might simply have been wrong all along because of statistical bias.
This presidential-level polling error was echoed in the national House popular vote and Senate polls, which were also both off by a median of four percentage points.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com