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In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio and as a result the global incidence of polio associated with wild polioviruses decreased from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1998 to 1,997 cases in 2006, and subsequently to 222 cases reported as of January 22, 2013 (symptom onset during 2012, reported in January 2013) (28, 29).
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Limb lengthening with or without deformity correction in skeletally mature patients with old polio is associated with more complications than other types of lengthening [10].
A concurrent polio outbreak associated with wild poliovirus type 1 occurred in Indonesia in the same year.
The last polio case associated with wild poliovirus was in 1985 in the DR and in 1989 in Haiti, suggesting that "naturally-induced" immunity to infection was restricted to adults over 15 and 11 years of age in the two countries respectively.
Polio outbreaks associated with type 2 or 3 VDPVs (VDPV2s or VDPV3s) were reported in 2001 2002 and 2005 in Toliara Province in southern Madagascar (2, 3 ).
Second, the dominant narrative that links Islamist insurgents to polio is associated with Western commentators, many of whom see – implicitly or explicitly – Islamist insurgents as enemies of Western interests.
Unlike the ICERs that change dramatically with small denominators, the INBs remain more robust to the choice of RC, with the difference in vaccination costs for OPV with SIAs roughly equivalent to the societal costs of paralytic polio cases associated with RC no SIAs.
Similarly, administration of LGG 1 week prior to an oral polio booster was associated with an increased poliovirus neutralizing antibody titers and poliovirus-specific IgA and IgG (De Vrese et al., 2005).
Many notable individuals have survived polio and often credit the prolonged immobility and residual paralysis associated with polio as a driving force in their lives and careers.
The stigma associated with polio was not just that one was a "cripple" but that one came from an impoverished background.
Measles and polio vaccination were not associated with malaria.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com