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A recent study by the International Monetary Fund finds large positive multiplier effects of expansionary fiscal policy on output and employment under such circumstances.
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Based on these results, Kalirajan, Obwona and Zhao (1996) concluded that despite the substantial impacts of policy reform on output and productivity growth, they provide only a one-shot boost to agricultural productivity.
Most empirical analyses on the impact of fiscal policy focus on output, and only few papers look at the unemployment and labour market impact.
A public health intervention trial is required to test the effect of such a policy on agricultural output (crop yields) and input costs, as well as health care costs and deaths from pesticide poisoning.
A related study by Mirza et al. (2014) examined the effects of electricity conservation policies on sectoral output in Pakistan.
This change corresponds to a shift away from the focus of socialist land use policies on maximizing output in order to gain self-sufficiency, at the expense of high labor and the supports by state subsidies.
Moreover, it seems that many municipalities and other decentral governments are running their own climate change mitigation policies, and there is no official body that measures their performance on policy output and outcome indicators nor coordinates their activities [47].
All decisions on output policy require the unanimous support of the group's 11 members.
OPEC ministers and consumers will discuss oil output policy on the sidelines of an international energy conference in Saudi Arabia on February 22, but a formal decision there was unlikely, the OPEC secretary general had said.
Thus, the effect of integration policy outputs on corresponding policy outcomes is essentially mediated by their effect on individual capabilities and aspirations (see Fig. 1).
But what the data actually say — see Romer and Romer lecture 3 (pdf) — is that changes in monetary policy have large and sustained effects on output and employment.
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