They can be descriptive (such as relative risks, duration estimates, or attributable fractions) or normative (such as maximum life expectancy, severity weights, policy norms, age weights and discount factors).
Yet the extent of the devotion to the system, and the level of suffering governments were willing to impose on citizens on its behalf, goes well beyond the loyalty normally commanded by economic policy norms.
Overall, the Ethiopian experience shows that traditional institutions and interactions work effectively if there are appropriate operational frameworks that harness their natural qualities (e.g., convenience, access, and participation) while aligning their functions with policy norms that direct the development process.
For example, as a "purveyor of ideas," international organizations such as the OECD and UNESCO have come to play a meditative role not only in policy innovation, translation and dissemination, but also, in setting international policy norms by identifying problems and providing a range of "best practice" solutions (Mahon & McBride, 2008; Peng, in press, b; Jenson, 2010).
Trump, of course, often strays outside the bounds of American policy norms.
"Drug policy to date has (almost) always been driven by political and ideological agendas that have ignored scientific, public health and social policy norms," the report states.
The second risk case focuses on "how safe are our safeguards" — the policies, norms, regulations or institutions through which we manage the complex systems on which global prosperity depends.
Instead, organizational practice at Uber flows to a considerable extent from the periphery (where policies, norms, and procedures are hard to mandate) inward.
These global policies, norms and goals are then carefully matched with the needs and priorities of developing countries in determining the nature of UNICEF-supported programmes.
Further studies, using a variety of methods, should examine what organizational factors, such as policies, norms, and cultures, could explain these relationships.
The intermediate result is the institutionalization of the program, by which we mean the development of policies, norms, and structures to sustain the program within the recipient organization's health system.
