ECD is by definition intersectoral, and policy implementation and activities should reflect this intrinsic characteristic.
Two key issues should be considered by those responsible for policy implementation, namely: "How can the activities related to the policy option be implemented to produce real changes on the ground?", and "Which strategies are available to facilitate effective implementation?" A number of entry points can be used when planning policy implementation.
Increasingly it is understood as integrating policies, management (administrative integration) or implementation activities (operational integration) of vertical programmes within health system functions such as governance, service delivery, financing, or monitoring and evaluation (M&E) (12, 13).
The policy implementation processes are controlled by actors' activities and the type of interactions involved (15).
Development and acceptance of contextually-appropriate policy, creating a platform from which implementation activities can be initiated.
The second component is the process, which implies a conversion process produced by the interaction of various actors and activities during the policy implementation process.
It is possible that this is underpinned by the small populations and limited institutional capacity of SIDS, 27 resulting in limited advocacy and coalition activity in health policy implementation.
The emergency of specialized PMTCT operations research agencies also helped to reduce the gap between the knowledge demand for policy implementation and the evidence generated from research activities.
In Kazakhstan UNICEF could potentially come to an arrangement of closer complementary activities with NGOs who have expertise in policy implementation, which would free up UNICEF to focus on policy development.
Furthermore, how will human activities, such as economic development, population growth, and policy implementation, affect climate in the future?
