In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the landmark 1978 case on affirmative action, Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. ruled that quotas were unconstitutional in any context but permitted colleges to consider race as one factor in admissions — provided that they embraced the policies for educational benefits and not as a remedy for past societal discrimination.
The Foucauldian framework on governmentality served as a lens to examine the historical and political conditions which shaped policy leaders' rationale for educational change and the strategies that they used to implement the reform policies in local educational institutions.
She said the subpoena policy was standard for educational institutions, adding, "We have students here whose privacy we try to protect".
The policy must be approved by the Panel for Educational Policy, whose majority the mayor controls.
Possible implications are discussed for educational policy and teacher education.
"The documents advocate specific policies and procedures for educational institutions to adopt, analyze a number of hypotheticals, and draw conclusions about whether the actions in those hypotheticals would violate" citizens' constitutional rights, the letter states.
The board sets policy for the National Assessment of Educational Progress, or N.A.E.P., the nationwide examinations given in 4th, 8th and 12th grades and referred to as the "the nation's report card".
But several parents said intense news coverage of the mayor's promotion policy, and his firing of members of the Panel for Educational Policy who had planned to vote against it, had heightened anxieties.
The Panel for Educational Policy, which oversees the city schools, approved the policy by a vote of 11 to 1 in its meeting at Tweed Courthouse, the Education Department's headquarters.
Those apprehensions, she said, seemed to be confirmed by Mr. Klein's role in the firing and replacing of three appointees to the Panel for Educational Policy to get the mayor's third-grade promotion policy approved last week.
