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The projection of the last-closed field lines on the polar atmosphere forms the poleward boundary of the nightside auroral oval.
The hole that opens in the ozone layer over Antarctica each southern spring formed earlier and grew bigger this year than at any time since satellites have been monitoring the polar atmosphere, scientists have reported.
From these, the ionization in the Earth's polar atmosphere is estimated for each of these periods.
This article discusses questions connected with investigations of the polar atmosphere via ground-based multi-position optical observations.
SEP ionization of the polar atmosphere produces nitrates that precipitate to become trapped in the polar ice.
The results indicated that there is no straightforward relation between the strength of the GLE events (as measured by neutron monitors) and the ionisation effect in polar atmosphere.
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In the troposphere, the demarcation between polar air and warmer tropical atmosphere is usually defined by the polar front.
The ionized component in the polar upper atmosphere (i.e., ionosphere) couples with both the magnetosphere and the thermosphere/mesosphere.
During storms and sub-storms, large amounts of energy are injected into the polar upper atmosphere in the form of electric currents, accelerated particles, and Poynting flux.
Combining EISCAT_3D data with other inputs such as satellite observations of stratospheric dynamics and photometric measurements of ozone content will lead to an improved understanding of the energy balance in the polar middle atmosphere.
One of the manifestations of the polar upper atmosphere is the three-dimensional (3D) current system: The magnetospheric currents, which occasionally flow along the earth's magnetic field lines into (or out of) the ionosphere, are connected to ionospheric currents in the ionospheric conducting layer (i.e., E region); consequently, the thermosphere is heated by Joule heating.
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