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This exacerbated, repressed state is distinct from the physiological repressed poised state, which is still responsive to RA.
Therefore, most genes in the ES cells were set in a transcriptionally poised state, where the mRNAs were produced only occasionally.
It has been proposed that many tissue-specific genes are set in a transcriptionally poised state and are expressed at low levels in ES cells [9], [29].
This aberrant state is unresponsive to RA, and therefore differs from the physiologically repressed, yet "poised" state, which is responsive to RA.
This silent but poised state contrasts with that of lineage determinants such as Pou5f1, Nanog and Cdx2, where differing expression patterns are already being put in place at the morula-blastocyst transition and earlier.
Apparently, the abrogation of RARα function, be it due to RARα silencing/genetic mutations, or derangement of a factor upstream of RARα (e.g. CRABP2), results in the conversion of the chromatin of RARα-regulated genes from an inactive, yet poised, state permissive for transcription into an exacerbated repressed state that is non permissive for transcription.
One possibility is that RNAPII is "pre-loaded" onto such genes but kept in a paused (or poised) state.
Bivalent marking is associated with a transcriptionally poised state and is proposed to prevent aberrant gene expression but allow for rapid activation during differentiation.
Similar(3)
Although much is known about the requirement of transcription factors at these cytokine-inducible promoters, considerably less is understood about the coordination of the histone modifying events that allow these promoters to switch from a semi-poised state to a fully open, transcription-accessible structure.
In the genome, there are regions hypothesized to exist in a 'poised' state.
This suggests that a high frequency of CpG sites is what leads to the 'poised' state described above.
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