The contextualist's reply is that, in fact, neither the speaker nor the interpreter is aware of such alleged literal content (the point is challenged by Fodor 1983, Carston 2002); but "what is said" must be intuitively accessible to the conversational participants (Availability Principle, Recanati 1989).
This last point is challenged by the study by Dewitte and colleagues, in which such a relationship was observed only in patients without AKI.
To get there, a good starting point is challenging the sex stereotypes that we encounter in our daily lives.
Elucidating this point is challenging, however: results obtained in experimental models are only partially applicable to humans, and information obtained in clinical trials is strongly affected by a significant variability in histological assessments and endoscopic follow-up protocols.
The selection of relevant end-points is challenging, as no biological mechanism has been identified for RF fields [ 17].
However, all investigators of these three studies are in agreement that reading the strips at the grade 1 cut-point is challenging and takes a great degree of care that is unlikely to be a realistic expectation of non-laboratory trained health-care workers in the busy clinic environment.
Even in occupational circumstances where many chemicals of concern are identified, linking exposure to biological end points is challenging given the long latency of some diseases, the magnitude of the potential doses or interactions, and other confounders with exposure such as life behaviors and genetic variability.
Even before the health care showdown begins, Republican lawmakers have begun questioning the fairness of the Senate parliamentarian, the obscure but well respected career expert who must referee from the wings when points are challenged in floor debate.
The government won nine out of 10 points being challenged, which Simon Burns said effectively gave the "green light" to the high-speed rail project.
More to the point, Australia is challenging the United States in basketball, and the American Taurasi and the Australian Taylor keep raising the bar.
That 20 percent figure, however, is as much an assumption as a hard data point — it is challenging to calibrate these figures until one knows exactly how many voters turned out.
