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Finf varies with PM size, with a maximum for PM of approximately 0.1 0.5 μm (Sarnat et al. 2006).
Generalized additive mixed models with monthly penalized spline smooth spatial terms, penalized spline smooth terms of geospatial predictors (listed below), and terms for time were used to create separate PM prediction surfaces for each month and each PM size fraction (Yanosky et al. 2009).
Although there is no study of the PM size distribution from steam locomotives, studies of the PM emitted from coal-fired boilers indicate that only a small percentage (4 6%) are in the fine range and respirable, that is, < 2.5 μm in diameter (Chang et al. 2004).
Although not clearly established, the evidence evaluated also indicated potentially increased risk of PM-related health effects by sex and race/ethnicity, but these associations were not consistent across PM size fractions, health effects, and in some cases study locations.
Overall, our study implies qualitative differences between the health effects of PM size fractions.
Emission factors (EFs) are described with respect to particle number (PN), mass (PM), size and volatility.
Examining PM size fractions, specific capacity for P (PSC) indicates that the P concentration order is suspended > settleable > sediment for GNV, similarly to BTR.
Particle size distribution (PSD) with respect to number, surface area and volume was studied to find out most dominant PM size range along with PM emission factors (EFs).
The effect of the PM size on the fuel cell performances and the constant current discharge of the fuel cell with one-fueling are studied.
Additional measurements on PM size distribution and PM chemical composition analysis which were performed will be a subject of a future study.
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Developments in defining toxicologic mechanisms and intermediate clinical conditions that may explain the observed cardiovascular mortality are one of the highest impact areas of the scientific contributions of the PM Centers, in particular by addressing PM size-specific research, for example, ultrafine, fine, and coarse PM.
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