The proportion of glacier melt water infiltrating into the karst aquifer was estimated by using the karst spring as a natural pluviometer, and with stable isotope analysis.
Thus, the PWV value of 42 mm obtained for 10 00 UTC on November 4, 2011 can be converted into approximately 230 mm/h of potential rain, which contrasts the value of 75 mm observed from 9 00 to 10 00 UTC by the pluviometer in DICCA19 at the University of Genoa.
The wire-pulling trigger displacement meter, grid pluviometer, data acquisition and transmission unit, and solar power supply device are integrated to form a comprehensive monitoring hardware system for Highway landslide in mountain area, which proven to be economical, energy-saving, automatic and high efficient.
The wire-pulling trigger displacement meter with precision of 1 mm and the grid pluviometer with precision of 0.1 mm are used to monitor the surface displacement and rainfall for Highway slope, and the measured data are transferred to the remote computer in real time by general packet radio service (GPRS) net of China telecom.
In a reporting station in the municipality of Gómez Farías, the pluviometer reported a 24-hour rain total of 13.24 inches, and a storm total of 18.44 inches, which broke the precipitation record for that location, which counted with 35 years of data.
The pluviometer at Estanzuela reported that a total of 890 mm of rainfall were recorded; in Arroyo Seco, in San Pedro Garza García, a total of 588 mm of precipitation was recorded between June 29 and 6 a.m. on July 1.
In addition, each station was equipped with a tipping bucket, model 52293 (R. M. Young, USA) and a weighing gauge pluviometer (Ott, Germany) to measure rainfall, the HMP155A (Campbell Scientific Inc., USA) to measure air temperature and relative humidity and the CNR4 net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands) to measure the incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiations.
