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This would imply to look at the pluralism of knowledge and innovation and the pluralism of their structures and processes by which knowledge and innovation are interconnected and interwoven in networks and in 'networks in clouds and crowded crowding clouds'.
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The authors call it mode 3 approach where pluralism of different knowledge and innovation modes (paradigms) coexists (Carayannis and Campbell 2010).
Keys to here are diversity, heterogeneity, and pluralism of different knowledge and innovation modes, and their linking together via an architecture of co-evolving networks.
Mode 3 even accentuates such pluralism and diversity of knowledge and innovation modes as being necessary for advancing societies and economies.
Political pluralism in a democracy co-evolves with the pluralism, diversity, and heterogeneity of knowledge, knowledge production, and innovation ('Democracy of Knowledge').
This notion of pluralism in knowledge and innovation is also being captured by the idea of 'Democracy of Knowledge' , meaning that the pluralism in knowledge production communicates with pluralism (political pluralism) in a democracy, proposing here a co-evolution of democracy with systems of knowledge production and innovation (Carayannis and Campbell [2009], [2012], p. 55).
Pluralism about knowledge of mind-independent facts can be formulated in terms of different ways of to distribute properties (sociability-based pluralism), with more specific commitments about the ontological status of the related elements and their plural contextual manifestations of powers or dispositions (Chakravartty 2011, Cartwright 2007).
Between political pluralism in democracy and the diversity and heterogeneity of knowledge in a knowledge society and knowledge economy, there operates a congruence in structures and processes.
And though pluralism is not certainly new, this experience has become increased through the explosion of knowledge on the Internet.
The varying importance of particular dimensions of knowledge for different social groups may allow cohesion to be sustained amidst pluralism, and universality to coexist with cultural distinctiveness.
Metrics of measurement of knowledge and innovation should therefore be sensitive for expressing, displaying, and mapping pluralism, diversity, and heterogeneity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com