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The SO2 plume direction was variable during the period of study, mostly affected by meteorology at synoptic scale.
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Plume directions are indicated by black arrows, determined based on photographs taken by Camera I at Inokoishi and Camera II at Ohnamiike (see Fig. 2).
Some advisers to the prime minister argue that the system was not that useful in predicting the radiation plume's direction.
These integration areas were delimited based on visual (field) observations of plume transport direction, and were mapped so as to include concentration data above fixed concentration thresholds (~600 ppm at lake and ~650 ppm at village).
Our simulations successfully reproduce the basic features of syn- and post-eruptive field observations such as the height and shape of the plume, the direction of the horizontally moving cloud and the dispersal axis of the main fall deposit.
It is worth noting that the CO2 peaks appear in the map as shifted toward the east-southeast relative to the fumaroles' positions, in agreement with the prevalent plume transport direction during the observations (see wind rose diagram in Fig. 4). Figure 5 is a similar map derived from interpolation of the GasFinder dataset acquired during operation field at Furnas Village.
CO2 concentrations (~700 800 ppm) peak in a wide degassing area downwind (west of) fumarole CdA (the dominant plume transport directions during the observations were toward NW and SW; Fig. 5).
The plumes were fairly transparent during the observations, and the main plume dispersals directions are indicated by rose diagrams in Figs. 4 and 5. Background CO2 concentrations were obtained in each of the measurement days/sites by pointing the laser beam toward a mirror, positioned upwind of the fumarolic area.
Authorities warned that the plume could shift direction if the winds changed.
We observed a contaminant plume along the direction of groundwater flow (NE SW) characterized by decreasing values of EC and Cl, and distinct redox zones.
In this latter case, the presence of the DNAPL in the lower aquifer acts as a persistent source of groundwater contamination and can produce an extensive plume in the direction of groundwater flow.
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