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The Vertical Radial Plume Mapping (VRPM) technique, as described in the US EPA OTM-10, is designed to measure emission flux by directly monitoring the concentration of the plume crossing a vertical plane downwind of the site of interest.
Our experiment was designed to capture a representative section of the cough plume crossing the path length and the measurement zone, including droplets from the lateral periphery that cross the measurement section.
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However, Figs. 6b and 9e show that without the plumes crossing the Abukuma mountains, the simulated plumes were too narrow to explain the elevated observed concentrations at the SPM sites in the Nakadori region.
Air speed and temperature in the plume cross-section 0.7 m above the manikin head were measured.
Real-time integration of the plume cross section is performed using a set of standard and constant values for wind speed and plume height.
One is a combination of SO2 flux and SO2/H2S ratio in a plume (e.g., Bandy et al. 1982; Aiuppa et al. 2005a, b) and the other is the H2S concentration profiling for a plume cross section by an aircraft for huge plumes (e.g., Radke et al. 1976; McGee et al. 2001) or by walk for small plumes (Allard et al. 2014).
The redirected non-expanding plume exiting the hand barrier would lead to a larger number of droplets accounted for when a concentrated plume crosses the measurement zone.
Under this condition, the SO2 plume did cross the Mexico-Queretaro highway, SW of the Tula-Vito-Apasco corridor.
Groundwater and stream mass discharge estimates show that more than half of the plume mass discharge crossing the first transect, before surface water interactions occur, reaches the river directly via streamflow, although river concentrations were below detection due to dilution.
Only ants that passed the odour source downwind (i.e. on the side of the food-derived plume) were analysed and, as we do not know the functional reach of the different plumes, we analysed only those ants that crossed the plume within 1 m from the source.
We watch as she and her 4-year-old brother go off to play by the river and glimpse a silver plane cross the sky, trailing a white plume of smoke.
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