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where, Ar(n) is the frame arrival rate and Ap is the playout rate in frame per second.
First, we develop an optimal resource-management policy that allows a joint scheduling of the source rate, transmit energy and playout rate.
The number of frames {Q(n)} in a playout buffer provided that the nth frame of video has been played can be related to the content arrival rate and playout rate.
Second, we develop an optimal cross-layer resource management policy that allows a joint scheduling of the media encoding rate (i.e., playin rate), transmit energy and delivery rate (i.e., playout rate) of each end-to-end connection active over the considered access network.
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Salient features of the proposed scheduling policy are that: (i) it is self-adaptive; and, (ii) it is able to provide hard (i.e., deterministic) QoS guarantees, in terms of hard limited playout delay, playout rate-jitter and pre-roll delay.
Salient features of the presented joint scheduling policy are that: (i) it is self-adaptive; (ii) it is able to provide hard (i.e., deterministic) QoS guarantees, in terms of hard limited playout delay and playout rate-jitter; and (iii) it explicitly accounts for the performance interaction of the protocols implemented at all layers of the considered stack.
A major limitation of P2P live streaming is that playout rates are constrained by clients' upstream capacities – typically much lower than downstream capacities – which limit the quality of the delivered stream.
We use a stochastic addressing method to transmit the packets from virtual buffer to the playout buffer with maximum hit rates under various conditions.
The scheme comprises a transmission buffer of size B T, a channel at fixed nominal rate R C, and a playout buffer of size B R. Figure 6 Network scenario.
Figure12 reports the overall end-to-end frame loss rate for various sizes of the playout buffer when the transmission buffer size is fixed in order to obtain a transmission frame loss rate equal to 5% for all of the approaches (4.2 Kb for the optimal approach and 6.6 Kb for the periodical SP allocation and for the approach in[10]).
Finally, Figures17 and18 report the overall end-to-end frame loss rate for various sizes of the playout buffer when the transmission buffer size is fixed in order to obtain a transmission frame loss rate equal to 5% for all of the approaches.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com