The aim of the present study was to determine via mutant analysis if flagella and/or motility played roles in the colonization of sprouts by L. monocytogenes.
We describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of this novel adhesin in APEC, temporarily renamed ExPEC adhesin I (EA/I), and the essential role it plays in the initial colonization of the chicken lung during infection.
Cell walls have played crucial roles in the colonization of land by plants [ 63, 64].
So, the role that gastrointestinal colonization of Listeria played in the pathogenesis of these healthcare-associated infections warrants further study.
It is widely recognized that flagellar biosynthesis-related proteins play major roles in the colonization of the intestinal tract or invasion into host intestinal cells by many bacterial pathogens (Barrero-Tobon and Hendrixson 2014; Stevenson et al. 2015).
Therefore, catabolism of rectal mucin-derived sugars, mainly N-acetylgalactosamine and L-fucose, plays a role in the colonization of EHEC in the bovine rectum.
This type III secretion system was shown to be functional and to play a role in the colonization of bean plants and seeds [ 17].
Being first recognized as a group of pore-forming bacterial leukotoxins two decades ago (Welch, 1991), the RTX family nowadays comprises a particularly broad range of exoproteins that play important roles in the colonization of various habitats and hosts by Gram-negative bacteria (Fig. 7).
The study by Guerin et al. in Iceland found that temperature played a major role in the colonization of broiler chicken flocks with Campylobacter spp. and assumed that M. domestica houseflies played a role in the epidemiology and seasonality of Campylobacter spp. colonization (36 ).
However, rare palaeosols formed on Ordovician basalts show mineral alteration attributed to nonvascular plants [26], providing evidence that volcanic rocks may indeed have been suitable substrates and thereby played an important role in the colonization of land by plants.
