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To make the analysis comparable to our previous study (Pfefferle et al. 2014b), the movement of the head had to occur within the first 10 s after the playback call was broadcasted.
Because males showed a response in only 44 playbacks (42.3 % of all 104 playbacks), a number effectively too low with regard to the complexity of the statistical model (see below), we refrained from measuring the latency and duration of response (see also Pfefferle et al. 2014b) and restricted our analyses to whether or not males responded to the playback call.
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Using playback calls, songs, and recent woodpeckers' foraging signs on trees, we measured the occurrence and foraging habitat use of 11 bird species associated with deadwood in 86 unmanaged forest stands along a forest age gradient in both mixed and coniferous stands.
The measured response behaviours on tested females were the latency to the first look to the playback calls, the latency to the first approach to the speaker, the latency to the first vocalisation and the total number of vocalisations given by the female.
Playback calls came from the given anesthetized males.
Playback calls came from the anesthetized males, but the paired playback was played from the side of the solitary male and vice versa.
Although the ability to conduct the playbacks was limited by natural conditions (presence of the caller and dense vegetation), we attempted to playback calls only in situations when the subject was at the edge of the gang and did not socially interact or was in physical contact with any other individual.
Priced at $299.95 (with a September launch date), the Bluetooth buds also feature active noise cancelling microphones (six in all), along with music playback and call control built into the on-neck cable.
More detailed studies, such as USV playback and call blocking, are needed to clarify this point.
Playback of call sequences originally given to kiwi resulted in an increase in first visits to the kiwi field, compared to baseline or apple trials.
Males responded strongly after playback of calls recorded from members of their own gang, while they attended only briefly to neighbor or stranger calls.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com