(2015), we restrict our attention to the first plausible value.
As each plausible value provides an estimate of numeracy proficiency, we can use one plausible value of numeracy proficiency as an instrument for another plausible value of numeracy proficiency to correct for measurement error bias.
Instrumenting the first plausible value of numeracy with any other plausible value or with all other plausible values simultaneously delivers almost identical results.
We screened the Market Guide and Worldscope stock market databases for plausible value stocks.
For the regression analyses, the first plausible value was used per domain.
However, if there was no plausible value, the observation was dropped.
Below, we also report results using other plausible values as instruments for the first plausible value.
Measurement error second PV numeracy skills are instrumented by second plausible value of numeracy skills.
In the second step, person parameters using the plausible value technique were estimated.
The vectors provide a plausible value for each of the PISA 2006 reporting scales.
Therefore, we use the first plausible value of the PIAAC scores in each domain in the instrumental-variable estimations.
