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In the current study we used the following variables of interest: 1) The plausibility of the PI score: plausible score (PS): a score larger than 0% and smaller than 100%; implausible score (IS): a score of 0% or 100%.
We recommend using the PPV, the NNE and/or the estimated rate of alerts combined with sensitivity to evaluate each of the plausible score cutoff values.
Note: IS Implausible (100% or 0%) Score, PS Plausible score (<100%), MV missing value, NA Not available, EA easy access category, DA Difficult Access category, Cal calculation, Est Estimation; All data in frequencies.
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We averaged the five plausible scores on scientific literacy.
Overall more implausible (IV) than plausible scores (PV) were observed (A: IS = 65%, PS = 35%).
Implausible indicator scores were more often estimated (91%) as compared to calculated (38%) whereas plausible scores (scores < 100%) were more often calculated (62%) as compared to estimated (9%).
We sample from the marginal distribution in order to obtain plausible scores for subjects with similar response patterns and background characteristics as in the sample of subjects [ 20, 21].
Finally, to see whether the plausibility of the indicator scores was more associated to the composition strategy as compared to the data infrastructure we summated across all data-infrastructure categories (NA + DA + EA) all the indicators that were calculated and checked whether they were implausible or plausible scores and did the same for the estimated indicators.
It was not even that Guardiola completed a manita of his own – he has now won all five clásicos as coach, with a barely plausible aggregate score of 17-2.
In the 2006 tests half the students were not asked any reading questions but were allocated "plausible" reading scores to help calculate their countries' rankings.
Our results suggest that a nationally organized registry (in the case of breast cancer) led to more plausible indicator scores.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com