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Those typically include characters showing high plasticity, characters based on relative variation in size, shape, or degree of sclerotization, all these being factors that complicate assigning characters into discrete character states.
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While intestinal length is clearly a somewhat plastic character, ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors appear more influential than diet on gut dimensions in some fish clades [ 33], suggesting a precedence of genetic adaptation over phenotypic plasticity as the major force acting on the digestive system.
The two morphologies of E. flexuosa associated with different habitats showed some degree of phenotypic plasticity in sclerite characters (especially spindles), which showed a clear tendency to increase and decrease when transplanted to deep and shallow areas, respectively.
There are several taxonomic challenges in the genus, one of which is the high level of variability and phenotypic plasticity for morphological characters, including those that are used for taxonomic treatments.
It is possible that in the present case, the failure to pass the K/θ method is either due to a still incomplete sampling of the genetic diversity of H. novae-zelandiae and phylogenetic species T. sp. nov. TR 175, or, less likely, to an unusually high plasticity of phenotypic characters.
Analyses revealed plastic morphometric characters at branch level, and predetermined morphometric traits at colony level (only single trait exhibited plasticity under extreme manipulation state).
The brain is plastic; plasticity of the mind means your brain is always growing.
First, cellular plasticity - the character of a given cell can change dramatically over the course of gland development (for example, virgin ducts versus pregnancy, or lactation versus involution), and in response to treatment with a bioactive agent (for example, hormones, growth factors).
Curiously, in the current study, an increase in the R/S ratio was evident in the LP, whereas in the HP there was no detectable change, which indicates that a loss of plasticity for this character might have been an advantage for existence at higher elevations (Sobrado and Turner 1986; Aranda et al. 2010).
The paucity of morphological characters, phenotypic plasticity, breeding systems and hybridizations are all contributory factors (Ball and Akeroyd 1993).
These controversial results were based mostly on conventional approaches such as morphological analysis, karyotype and allozyme assay, which are far enough to provide convincing conclusions for many species showing a high degree of morphological plasticity or intermediate morphological characters arising from forces other than hybridization [ 19].
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