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Both genetic and plastic variation are pervasive in contributing to species' abilities to evolve local adaptation.
However, the basis and extent of plastic variation that manifests in diverse environments remains elusive.
This plastic variation was within the TBB range reported for F. sylvatica by Vitasse et al.
Both heritable and plastic variation within and between populations was found to be higher for abdominal vertebrae [ 47- 49].
Plastic variation may also allow individuals to survive in the face of new environmental conditions, enabling the evolution of heritable adaptive traits.
For example, plastic variation may allow individuals to survive in new conditions, a prerequisite for the evolution of heritable adaptive traits [ 6, 7].
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Such plastic variations in environmentally dependent morphological characters had also been documented in reef corals [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] Coral colonies are made of multiple genetically identical modules (polyps) that are physiologically integrated [16].
Indeed, some mutant mice display phenotypes that may mimic the patterns of plastic variations in wild populations.
The mouse mandible is particularly prone to such plastic variations because bone remodeling occurs late in postnatal ontogeny, in interaction with muscular loading.
Another pervasive interaction involves plasticity and genetic adaptation; plasticity can be adaptive if plastic trait variation increases individual fitness (Nicotra et al. 2010), or it can be maladaptive if plasticity decreases fitness (Ghalambor et al. 2007).
Moreover, it could be shown that the phenotypically plastic shell variation is mostly determined by the environmental conditions experienced.
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