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At these high-strain levels, plastic strain concentration occurs.
Among those plastic strain is dominating especially for metallic materials.
These measurements are used with an assumed plastic strain distribution.
Different integration method was used for elastic and plastic strain.
Higher values of plastic strain were predicted in wavy interfaces.
The evolution of the effective plastic strain is also reported.
The brittle failure due to developed crack can be predicted once equivalent plastic strain exceeds the maximum plastic strain.
When the influence of the strain rate is considered, the maximum plastic strain and plastic strain rate decrease.
In different models, the plastic strain and plastic strain rate of concrete dams show a similar distribution.
Moreover, SSTT-confinement has the lowest plastic strain compared to several related existing plastic strain models.
The effect of both plastic strains and plastic strain gradients are combined into this scalar effective slip quantity, the energy associated with plastic strain is dissipative (unrecoverable), while the energy from plastic strain gradients is recoverable (free).
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