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Researchers have told the space agency that the planet's outer atmosphere acts as a shield to deflect and absorb some of the potentially damaging high-energy plasma particles that stream from the sun.
This can be achieved by coupling radio-frequency waves or microwaves to the plasma particles, by injecting energetic beams of neutral atoms that become ionized and heat the plasma, by magnetically compressing the plasma, or by the ohmic heating (also known as Joule heating) that occurs when an electric current passes through the plasma.
The bulk of the plasma particles was concentrated in the coronal loops.
The WPIA requires instantaneous-wave field vectors and velocity vectors of incoming plasma particles.
SMS wave damping in the magnetosphere is caused by their resonant interaction with the background plasma particles.
This is also plausible, as we do not consider any exchange of energy of the soliton with the plasma particles.
The dust grains are, therefore, charged by the collection of the plasma particles flowing onto their surfaces.
Due to the absence of the global magnetic field, plasma particles can reach the surface of the object.
The ejected macroscopic particles (MPs) will interact with incoming plasma particles and with the vapor cloud above the surface.
To understand the cross-scale coupling in space plasma, it is important to include full kinetics of plasma particles in global- and macro-scale simulations.
The spacecraft observation team and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXAA) developed the Arase (ERG) satellite for in situ observations of plasma particles and waves (Miyoshi et al. 2017).
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