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The use of removable devices increases the retentive plaque surfaces and inhibits the protective effect of saliva.
The plaque surfaces facing the spinal cord were uneven and rough, and there were multifocal depressions in the ventral funiculi of the spinal cord.
It is common experience in clinical practice that irregular, ulcerated plaque surfaces, lipid necrotic core, thin fibrous cap, anechoic-hypoechoic appearance, and intraplaque neovessels characterize potentially unstable atherosclerotic lesions with high risk of embolization and thrombosis.
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Plaque surface and ulceration represent risk factors for stroke in carotid disease.
Characterisation of the plaque surface and ulcerations can be performed with every modality.
These techniques have shown varying levels of diagnostic accuracy for the identification of ulcerated carotid plaques or plaque surface irregularities.
Carotid plaque surface morphology represents an important feature of plaque vulnerability as both surface irregularity and ulceration have been correlated with stroke.
High stress levels were mainly obtained in the intima and adventitia layer as well as on the stenotic plaque surface.
The plaque surface morphology is among those features related to the risk for embolic stroke and characterising vulnerability.
The plaque surface morphology, specifically the plaque irregularity as assessed with MDCTA, has been identified as an important risk factor for symptoms in patients with 30 69% stenosis [46].
Carotid plaque surface characteristics either in the form of surface irregularities or ulceration represent an important factor of vulnerability and are associated with the occurrence of neurologic symptoms.
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