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Although this year started off spectacularly well, with its fine spring weather benefiting early flyers such as the orange-tip, the continuing drought has threatened the plants hosting the caterpillars of future broods.
The Coriaria species diversified in their different biotopes, as they saw the appearance of other plants hosting the same microsymbiont of Frankia cluster 2 such as Datiscaceae, Rosaceae, Ceanothus, or even nonhost species such as Alnus glutinosa that was recently found to host Frankia cluster 2 in its rhizosphere [ 45].
Again, their loss in insects might be explained by their hosting of complex communities of bacterial, fungal and viral symbionts when feeding on plants hosting pathogens and producing toxic chemicals (Frago et al. 2012) that would be protective without the need for vault particles.
The presence of the endophytic bacterium M. mesophilicum in internal tissues of asymptomatic citrus plants (hosting X. fastidiosa) could stimulate the production of compounds that promote the resistance of these plants to X. fastidiosa or reduce the growth of this vascular phytopathogen [ 17], limiting the establishment of X. fastidiosa in asymptomatic plants.
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Genera of angiosperm plant hosts selected from the APHISPPQ Global Pest and Disease Database for this study.
Much like the host shifts of Blepharida beetles onto chemically similar host plants, host shifts in butterflies may be constrained by plant secondary chemistry.
We now know that plants host a diversity of microbes.
Brassica plants host a plethora of economically damaging herbivores [ 12, 38].
In classical genetics, the pathogen-infected host plants and host responses usually showed monogenic control [ 19].
Among the tiger swallowtail group, various members have become specialized to different plant hosts.
By sharing the products it absorbs from the soil with its plant host, a fungus can keep its host alive.
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