The historic time period since pathogen introduction has apparently been too brief to allow co-evolution between the pathogen and plant, an effect that is undoubtedly exacerbated by the asexual vegetative propagation of this crop plant.
Age of treatment plants had an effect only during start-up, but after 0.5 2 years of operation, performance was constant.
Studies examining effects of hybridization between species on plant resistance against natural enemies have either reported no differences between hybrids and parental plants, an additive effect, hybrid susceptibility or dominance of the susceptible parent (reviewed in [17]).
Only the species planted had an effect on dry mass loss from decomposing roots, i.e. pine seedlings reduced the decomposition rate of fine roots.
To test, whether aphids prefer WT plants over EBF emitting plants, a mixed effect model with plant genotype and plant diameter as fixed effects, and the position of the plant inside the arena and the replicate as random effects was applied.
Although mRNA of both genes was detectable in the corresponding transgenic plants, a physiological effect was only found for GlNCED1 but not for GlNCED2.
Thirdly, the presence of transgenic plants could protect non-transgenic plants, a "halo effect" proposed by Alstad & Andow [ 45] and observed in other reports [ 23, 24].
The Poisson regression models found covariates for plant department to be a stronger predictor of bivariate size proportions than plant; however, a plant effect was observed.
Studies of mangrove sediments (Li et al. 2011b) and paddy soils (Wang and Gu 2012) indicated vegetation of plants might have an effect on anammox bacteria.
To address this issue we assessed the robustness of the results to a variety of models that 1) considered plant a random effect, 2) considered plant a fixed effect, with inclusion of plant-level covariates or 3) solely included plant-level covariates as fixed effects.
