To test this hypothesis, we aimed to specifically identify the Hfq-dependent sRNAs and focus on their expression in Hrp-inducing minimal medium, a condition that mimics the in planta environment.
The lack of in vitro inhibition activity of GmPGIPs does not exclude the possibility that they can inhibit PGs from different sources not yet examined, or that only the in planta environment provides a suitable context to support the interaction with PGs.
Closed G. nivalis capsules, in which the flower stalk had started to disintegrate (typically around mid-May), thereby cutting the vascular connection to the mother plant, were collected and arranged in a monolayer on blotting paper in a plastic tray at 15 °C and 75%% RH in order to mimic the natural environment for continued ripening ex planta.
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Although many gene clusters may be cryptic when P. fici is growing in vitro, the environment influences their secondary metabolites in planta considering the fact that endophytes reside within plants and are interacting with their hosts.
A third approach, transgene strategies aimed at preventing mycotoxin biosynthesis, or detoxifying mycotoxins in planta, could provide further protection for the grower in environments where FBs present a risk to the crop even when the maize is relatively resistant to Fusarium mold.
As a consequence, nitrogen-starved media has become a model for the environment that a pathogen encounters during growth in planta [ 16].
Rather, there appear to be intrinsic differences between in vitro and in planta endonuclease function that could be due to differences in environment (e.g., pH or solute concentrations) or, more likely, due to differences between plasmid and genomic DNA as a cleavage substrate.
The advantage provided by the Tde toxins to A. tumefaciens when grown in planta but not in vitro underlines the importance of a physiologically relevant environment for studying bacterial fitness.
New standards for validating plant science research efforts will mandate increased use of systems and metagenomic approaches for examining plant growth, adaptation, and response to the environment in order to expand understanding of the factors regulating host-symbiont interactions in planta.
As mentioned previously [ 49] the allene oxide might be protected from hydrolysis by an pure hydrophobic environment; thus one may speculate that AOS products are imbedded into the membrane matrix in planta and are subsequently translocated by a so far unknown mechanism to the plastid where they may serve as substrate for PpAOCs.
