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Industrial plant software is implemented in the programming languages of IEC 61131-3.
The latest attacks occurred between late July and September and used emails sent to companies to plant software dubbed "PoisonIvy" in their computers, Symantec said.
As plant software needs to perform many tasks, it is often highly complex and typically characterized by a monolithic structure.
Thus, an approach for statically analysing the plant software and visualizing the software units' complexity and interconnectedness is proposed in this paper.
Furthermore, basic software design patterns are introduced and, subsequently, their appearance within plant software is evaluated using industrial code and interviews with experts.
Since then, documents have shown that Hewlett-Packard's detectives not only gained phone records of directors, employees, journalists and others, but also tried to plant software on a reporter's computer to track a bogus document it sent her and even considered infiltrating newsrooms with spies masquerading as clerical workers or cleaners.
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The campaigns have planted software known as cookies on voters' computers to see if they frequent evangelical or erotic Web sites for clues to their moral perspectives.
British intelligence agency sources are said to be so concerned that they have let it be known in public that they can never know what hidden capabilities are built into the plants' software.
There's the latest foul-up in Florida (eighteen thousand votes lost in the Thirteenth District in November), or the Princeton professor — you can watch him on YouTube — who in less than a minute hacks into a voting machine and plants software redirecting votes from candidate "George Washington" to "Benedict Arnold".
But when media reports surfaced Tuesday night that cyberspies had penetrated the computer networks of U.S. utilities and planted software designed to sabotage those systems, cybersecurity insiders weren't as intrigued by that news as they were by the question of which government officials had leaked it and why.
Former and current security officials revealed that cyberspies originating in China, Russia and other countries had entered the networks of U.S. utility companies, including those controlling electricity, water and sewage, with the mission of planting software used for taking control of the systems or shutting them down, according to the Wall Street Journal.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com