"I am pleased that it is in there, but that is not what tips the balance for me," said Mr. Dorgan of the power-plant provision that he and authors of the measure said was directed toward North Dakota.
Bush officials confirm that Mr. Wyly met with Mr. Bush to lobby him, but they said the power-plant provisions had Mr. Bush's support anyway.
We found that B. impatiens preferred to visit artificial plants provisioned with fertile anthers over those provisioned with sterile anthers.
To test whether the mean number of probes differed between artificial plants provisioned with low or high viability pollen or between artificial plants provisioned from inbred or outbred plants, we conducted a factorial ANOVA with SAS proc mixed.
Bumble bees were 68%% more likely to visit artificial plants provisioned with high viability pollen relative to low viability pollen (χ = 6.45, P = 0.0111; Fig. 4).
The mean number of artificial flowers probed once a bee arrived at a plant was slightly higher for plants provisioned with high viability pollen (2.08 ± 0.13) relative to plants provisioned with low viability pollen (1.76 ± 0.17), but the difference was not significant (F1,95 = 2.30, P = 0.1326).
To do this, we used a combination of experiments with live plants, artificial plants provisioned with fresh anthers and olfactometer tests, taking advantage of outbred subpopulations developed in our lab that show high levels of male sterility.
Bees were no more likely to visit artificial plants provisioned with pollen from outbred plants than those provisioned from inbred plants (χ = 0.57, P = 0.4487), and the attraction to high viability pollen was independent of whether the pollen came from inbred or outbred plants (χ = 1.13, P = 0.2870).
Accordingly, in an agricultural context, due to lower plant nutrient provision and availability in organic compared to conventional agriculture, shifts in the balance between primary and secondary metabolism towards a stronger emphasis on secondary metabolism in organic crops are expected.
We have demonstrated that maternal plants can provision offspring adaptively in terms of spatial placement, phenology and photosynthetic efficiency.
