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We found most illnesses were attributed to plant commodities and most deaths to land animal commodities.
Because of the increasing amounts of traded plant commodities and the associated rise in introduced plant pests and pathogens, network theory has a great potential in plant science.
More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities.
Of concern is also the lack of studies on the networks of plants and plant commodities traded on the internet (Giltrap et al. 2009; Pautasso et al. 2012; Shirey et al. 2013).
An estimated 26,000 (46%) annual hospitalizations were attributed to land animal commodities, 24,000 (41%) to plant commodities, and 3,000 (6%) to aquatic animal commodities (Table 2).
We applied percentages derived from outbreak-associated illnesses for each etiology to the 9.6 million estimated annual illnesses assessed and attributed ≈4.9 million (≈51%) to plant commodities, ≈4.0 million (≈42%) to land animal commodities, and ≈600,000 (≈6%) to aquatic animal commodities (Table 1).
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The plant commodity group accounted for 66% of viral, 32% of bacterial, 25% of chemical, and 30% of parasitic illnesses (Table 1).
While net farm income is expected to increase 10.3% to $95.7 billion over last year, the boon is likely to leave out small-scale farmers like Terie who don't favor mono-crop planting of commodities like corn and soybeans and don't have contracts with major food manufacturers.
Therefore, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for the bromoxynil in order to assess the bromoxynil residues in plants, processed commodities, rotational crops, and livestock and concluded that the use of bromoxynil on crops did not indicate risk to consumers [ 43].
α pc : capacity of plant p for commodity c. α' jc : capacity of distributor j for commodity c.
At the same time, several crucial agriculture reports used by traders and farmers have been canceled because of the shutdown, seriously hampering decision making about planting and disrupting commodities markets.
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