The memo outlined plans for "surrogate speaking"; that is, arranging for Mrs. Clinton's supporters to appear before audiences when she cannot do so.
Land classes are often used in conservation planning as surrogates for species.
Almost all data in conservation planning are surrogates, meaning that they approximate the variables of actual interest but for which spatial data are impossible to collect with available resources.
In surrogate planning, a different kind of negotiated order, provider competition and financial incentives and penalties dominate.
4. The combination of surrogate planning and micro-commissioning tends to promote EBM at provider level more readily than case-mix commissioning does.
The comparison exposes and contrasts two basic generic modes of commissioning: 1. Surrogate planning (English NHS), in which a negotiated order involving micro-commissioning, provider competition, financial incentives and penalties are the dominant media of commissioner power over providers.
Björnberg, Garrofé and Lindblad [ 26] suggest that commissioning as surrogate planning, including micro-commissioning, together produce weaker performance on the Euro Health Consumer Index indicators (see http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=36&Itemid=55) than case-mix based commissioning does.
Abstracting these generic patterns from the historical particularities of the two health systems, Table 1 summarises the similarities and differences between the different generic modes of commissioning which dominate the two health systems: case-mix commissioning in Germany, surrogate planning in the English NHS.
Similar to our study, Araújo et al [49] found threatened frogs and reptiles most likely to be missed by conservation planning based on surrogates, although they tested different kinds of surrogates.
We calculated the Spearman coefficient of rank correlation between summed irreplaceabilities of all planning units for surrogates and groups of test features.
