This accountability was enforced by command-and-control mechanisms such as centrally set priorities and planning directives, audits and performance reviews.
In addition, there is still uncertainty arising from on-going reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, and discussions on the need for a new marine spatial planning directive.
Hopefully, that planning directive will be an incentive to replicate the process we have described in this article.
These referral guidelines were circulated in advance and explained in an accompanying education programme and were defined as problems or unresolved issues with: symptom control, psychosocial needs, end of life, advanced planning (directive and competency or consent), planning needs for or difficulty with nutrition and/or hydration or a complex combination of problems.
A police directive said that, in preparation for it, officials must give household registration papers to children born in violation of family-planning directives.
GPs, for instance, often don't have time to properly discuss "advanced care planning directives", legal documents that incorporate a patient's last wishes concerning medical treatment.
This could be arranged through strict regional planning, but in practice this is often either not possible or planning directives are too weak to prevent urban occupation of these areas.
Based on semi-structured interviews (N = 25), this paper provides an empirical account of how USFS aquatic resources managers and specialists working at regional and sub-regional levels within the Pacific Northwest region (PNW) are responding to adaptation planning directives established at the federal level, as well as how managers are advancing their own unit-level initiatives.
But even after the derailment, Philadelphia "has not issued new plans, directives, or protocols in response to the increase of crude oil shipments," wrote city director of Emergency Management Samantha Phillips in an email to ProPublica.
