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Thousands of office workers who were below the plane impact floors in the north and south towers survived on Sept. 11.
The fires in the south tower were largely confined to the tight area around the plane impact, Mr. Custer's report finds.
But the experts found that a much wider and more rapid dispersal of burning jet fuel in the north tower may explain why dozens of people on floors below the plane impact died in that building.
What emerges from this analysis and a separate fire survey by Exponent Failure Analysis may help explain why everyone in the two floors just below the plane impact in the north tower ultimately died, even if they survived the initial impacts.
The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane impact, to fail.
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"I saw the video of the plane impacting the tower and kind of innately knew we were going to war," he said.
In other studies, steel recovered from the twin towers is being ripped apart at high speeds, rebuilt structural supports are baking in artificial infernos, and fireproofing insulation is being pounded with simulated plane impacts to see how well it sticks to the steel it was meant to protect.
He said that high-strength concrete generally resisted both blasts and fires better than steel like that in the trade center, where the plane impacts probably knocked loose a lightweight form of fireproofing that had been sprayed onto columns and beams, which then buckled in the heat.
The study is based on a spectral analysis in the range 0.3 0.85 μm, with a 28-nm resolution, during experiments of plane shock impacts on explosive targets at 8.6 GPa.
Mr. Lombardi said no building could have withstood the structural damage caused by the planes' impact followed by a jet fuel fire.
Finally, the fireproofing material sprayed on steel beams and trusses to protect against overheating failed to do so, probably because most of it was blasted off by the planes' impact.
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