The signaling molecules bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and FGF that have been implicated in hepatic differentiation during normal embryonic development and have been shown to play pivotal roles in generating hepatic cells from DE cells derived from ESCs.
Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) cross-reactivity is believed to play a pivotal role in generating immune responses but the extent and mechanisms of CTL cross-reactivity remain largely unknown.
During embryonic development, cell-cell interaction plays a pivotal role in generating many types of cells that constitute a functional adult body.
The number and diversity of salmonid species, and their relatively recent genome duplication, make salmonids ideal for examining recent events that could have played such a pivotal role in generating gene diversity and species diversity found in modern vertebrates.
It is also likely that evolved differences in gene expression, or regulatory evolution, has played a pivotal role in generating phenotypic diversity involved in pathogen-like behaviour of AIEC, as we have shown previously for another intracellular pathogen [ 62, 63].
It becomes evident that in the case of HSV-2 and the changes made to the GUD syndromic management guidelines, HIV and the observed cofactor effect between HIV and HSV-2 played a pivotal role in generating the political will necessary for the creation of a policy window.
The actin cortex plays a pivotal role in cell division, in generating and maintaining cell polarity and in motility.
Our study showed that genomic islands not only play a potential pivotal role in facilitating the horizontal gene transfer of dnd operons, but also essential in generating diversity within the genomic islands of closely related bacteria.
In this context, the thalamus has been recently proposed as a pivotal region generating isochronal gamma range synchronization between distant cortical areas by means of the dynamical relaying mechanism [38].
