This work will more closely define pivotal cell types responsible for cognate-dependent cytokine production in diseased joints as well as advancing our understanding of the effects and consequences of prolonged cytokine exposure in chronic inflammation.
This highlights the importance of macrophages in the production of TNF, supported by current hypotheses on the pivotal role of this cell type in TNF overproduction in autoimmune diseases [ 39].
Macrophages represent another important cell type that play a pivotal role in activating and shaping the immune response, and similar to DCs, a dichotomy has been proposed for macrophage activation: classically or alternatively activated [76, 77].
Ample evidence suggests that immune and inflammatory responses mediated by the activated microglia, the predominant resident CNS immunocompetent cell type productively infected by HIV-1, play a pivotal role in the HAND pathogenesis.
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the hosts response to biomaterials being considered as an essential cell type during both optimal tissue-implant integration and pathologic process of implant failure.
It is important to note that the phase II/III pivotal trial investigating bevacizumab combined with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy assessed tumors of mixed histology by their predominant cell type.
Astrocytes are already known to play pivotal roles in the regulation of GABAergic signalling in the somatosensory thalamus as they are the only cell type in this rodent nucleus to express GABA uptake transporters (De Biasi et al., 1998).
The pivotal role of oxidative stress in the wound healing process can be regarded as independently of organism or cell type, as revealed by both in vitro and in vivo settings [ 53– 53].
