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The deformation of grooves in pipe reduced section during rotary swaging was analyzed.
The six flow patterns previously observed in the 30.6-mm ID pipe reduced to four in the larger pipes.
Terrified of becoming a dumb pipe reduced to selling commodity voice and data services, some will try to innovate with their own SaaS products, most of which will fail, while the smartest players will partner and invest in innovative startups.
pipe reduced its cross-sectional flow area by about 16% and, accordingly, would decrease the flow by about 20% under the same head loss.
The results show that adding heat pipe reduced the thermal resistance of a common heat sink of 30% under natural convection and 20% under low air velocity cooling.
Similarly, changing the SDR of the inner pipe had little impact, while increasing the SDR of the outer pipe reduced the borehole thermal resistance by up to 32% (Figures 2f, g).
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Such a pipe retains some flexibility, while the acoustical damping in the smooth pipe reduces whistling tones.
In practice, since the velocity decreases along the pipe, reducing to zero at the end, even Re = 2000 can be acceptable.
Trenchless renewal methods can prolong life of the pipe, reduce operation and maintenance costs (by eliminating inflow/ infiltration and cost of emergency repairs, and improve quality of service).
Corrosion may occur at inner wall and outer wall of pipe, reducing the strength of the pipelines, causing loss of pipeline integrity.
But as I've written, publishers have become dumb content in Facebook's smart pipes, reduced to ghostwriters Facebook can easily swap out.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com