The results of this GWAS have pinpointed resistance loci conferring differential resistance to the nine representative strains of Xoo in the indica/aus panel and the indica subset.
These obstacles have led to studies of isogenic tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell line model systems that may have some advantages in pinpointing individual resistance mechanisms.
However, in ER-positive tumours, additional markers are needed both to identify resistance and pinpoint its nature.
However, due to the large number of mosquito genes encoding detoxification enzymes [ 15- 17] pinpointing those responsible for resistance remains challenging [ 18].
Numerous protein families are involved in cuticle biosynthesis and homeostasis including enzymes, transporters and transcription factors and further studies are now required for pinpointing those controlling cuticular resistance in mosquitoes.
For instance, our recent work has pinpointed a state of resistance to insulin-like growth factor-1, a hormone fundamental for cardiomyocyte survival, as a mechanism of doxorubicin-triggered death of cardiac cells [ 33, 34].
Several studies have attempted to pinpoint factors responsible for conferring resistance [ 14- 16], but confounding factors, such as, tissue types, virus strains and ages of birds have made it difficult to find a consensus.
Large components of HCV variants obtained from follow-up samples could be used to define viral subpopulations, whose shifts in frequency over time can be tracked to pinpoint the sources of drug resistance or immune escape.
A combination of classical linkage mapping and association mapping allowed us to pinpoint the location of the resistance gene on chromosomal linkage group 2. Examination of the Tvr1 region revealed a relatively high level of nucleotide polymorphism (for a selfing species) and extensive linkage disequilibrium.
For starters, the sequence will help researchers pinpoint the genes involved in insecticide resistance, says Frank Collins of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, and could lead to the development of whole new classes of insecticides.
