For these, operation time was calculated as the total time divided by 2. There were no pin fractures during removal.
These complicate the use of skeletal traction pins, percutaneous fracture pinning, and external fixation; the optimal methods to prevent and treat them are controversial [4, 6, 10, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64].
Minor complications occurred in group B: 1) three pins fractured in three patients; 2) five pins were added during the course of treatment of three patients to provide additional function; 3) minimal (<5°) regenerate bending occurred in four patients; 4) limb length discrepancies measuring 1.5 and 2.0 cm occurred in two patients without causing functional problems.
All patients had undergone the above-mentioned techniques of percutaneous pinning for fracture reduction and pin fixation.
In cases of bipolar fractures, a Steinmann pin (closed fractures) was positioned unicortically in order to avoid uncontrolled rotation of the middle segment.
These complications are catastrophic if it leads to the failure of the bone pin interface and could lead to pin loosening, fracture non-union and chronic osteomyelitis.
The multi-pin geometry enabled a distribution of load to the four pins following fracture of the braze for increased joint toughness and ductility.
The main concern in percutaneous pinning for fracture fixation is the reliability of maintenance of the reduced position [ 13, 14, 16, 17]; however, little is known about the time course changes and patterns of fracture collapse after percutaneous pinning for displaced extra-articular fractures of the distal radius.
The same software was used to measure the callus area size, callus index, pin angulation, proximal fracture, whole length fracture and normal control bones.
