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The index p refers to the pilot preamble of a given frame.
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We consider a pilot-preamble scheme with a sole OFDM pilot symbol and assume that the channel existing between two consecutive preambles is constant.
However, synchronization is still realizable because most PUs have pilots, preambles, synchronization words, or spreading codes that can be used for coherent detection [22].
This 'recovers' the original preamble structure as sent by the source, yet with complex-valued inputs at the pilot subcarriers.
The channel response can be estimated by utilizing the scattered pilots in preamble 3. The pattern of the scattered pilot varies with the index of OFDMA user segment and the preamble is made up of 12 OFDM symbols which can be divided into four groups, each of which consists of three OFDM symbols, corresponding to the four transmit antennas, respectively.
Furthermore, our method requires only one pilot-symbol preamble while Ren's requires two.
Ren's method requires a two pilot-symbols preamble in order to avoid the effect of the frequency-selective channel.
Xu's method requires a one pilot-symbol preamble in order to compute the covariance matrix of the channel.
The methods of [11] and [12] require a two pilot-symbols preamble, which reduces the useful data rate of the transmission, especially if the preamble is regularly repeated.
The authors of [13] present a SNR estimation based on the properties of the channel covariance matrix, estimated thanks to a one pilot-symbol preamble.
While we use pilot symbols (preambles) for carrier and timing acquisitions, most of the past works operate based on the statistical properties of the FBMC signals, that is, they are blind methods.
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