In this study, the scale was translated into the Chinese language using a standard "forward-and-backward" translation process and validated with a pilot sample with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and internal consistency checks.
The items were evaluated through pilot testing and exploratory factor analysis which led to identification of the following six factors; safety climate, teamwork climate, stress recognition, perceptions of management, working conditions and job satisfaction.
Data included the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire (Downs & Hazen, 1977) (translated in Dutch and validated by a factor analysis and pilot tested), the scale 'Turnover intention' of the Questionnaire on the Experience and Evaluation of Labour (Van Veldhoven & Meijman, 1994) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach et al., 1996).
Scale items were developed through focus groups, cognitive interviews, expert advisory panels, and exploratory factor analysis of pilot data.
However, due to the low number of participants in the pilot survey (N = 79), this factor analysis was only used as a cursory examination of the survey items to determine if any should be removed for the validation study.
M = Mean; SD = Standard deviation; Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum CFA of the "SmoCess-GP" measure found that the same unidimensional structure of the six items was replicated as in the exploratory factor analysis in our pilot study [ 20].
By model design, pre-test and pilot test, reliability test and validity test, factor analysis can effectively reveal the correlation among innovation planning, innovation implementation, innovation platform and innovation performance.
The second element of the tool comprised of a modification of the arrhythmia-specific PPAQ questionnaire developed by Wood et al. This was originally developed using techniques including formative research, exploratory factor analysis, expert review, and pilot study.
Developers examined a preliminary round of results from a pilot version of the survey using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to learn whether the intended structure of the survey reflected empirical student responses.
The only relevant data come from the original pilot work by Burns et al [ 70], where a factor analysis revealed that four factors accounted for 57.4% of the variance in HoNOS65+ item scores.
The questionnaire was piloted with qualitative analysis of participant understanding and factor analysis of the construct validity and reliability.
