They were parasitized individually by a single C. sesamiae female and placed in a Petri dish with a piece of maize stem and a piece of wet paper, under the same prior rearing conditions, until observation of either (i) the formation of parasitoid cocoons, (ii) death of the host larvae, without cocoon formation, or (iii) formation of host pupa.
Bt continuous: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of GM Bt maize were supplied throughout the entire bioassay; 4.
Bt 24: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of GM Bt maize were supplied for 24 h; for the rest of the experiment, 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were provided; 3.
Small pieces (2 3 mm) of maize leaf were harvested from approximately the midblade area, placed into fixative solution (4% formaldehyde in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] with 1 10,000 Silwet L-77 [Lehle Seeds, Round Rock, Texas, USA]), and vacuumed several times until tissues sank, and then fixed overnight at 4°C.
Toxin continuous: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were sprayed with Bt toxin solution (45 μg ml-1) and supplied during the entire bioassay. .
Toxin 24: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were sprayed with Bt toxin solution (45 μg ml-1) and supplied for 24 h; for the rest of the experiment, unsprayed leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were provided; 5.
The bottoms of the chambers were covered with filter paper, supplied with a few drops of water and the different diets of the five treatments: 1. Control: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line (no Bt) were supplied throughout the entire bioassay; 2.
As you travel through NE Kenya, you pass little clusters of dilapidated nomadic huts (aqals), put together with pieces of cardboard, plastic, and empty maize sacks.
