However, no brain imaging study has to date examined this enhancement effect using emotional pictures (the modality mostly used in emotion research) and musical excerpts.
Task (name vs. one-back) and stimulus modality (pictures vs. words) were counterbalanced within run.
This modal rationalism affords a simple and attractive account of our access to modal facts (Chalmers 1996, 136 8; 1999, 488 91; 2002a).[15] This simple rationalist picture of meaning and modality, however, was undermined by externalist thought experiments.
In addition, a pair of stimuli could be presented in either the same modality (word-word or picture-picture) or a different modality (word-picture or picture-word).
Patients with Wernicke's aphasia showed consistent modality effects (pictures > words), whereas semantic aphasia cases did not.
To minimize differences in working memory load between stimulus modalities, pictures within each pair were presented sequentially with the same inter-stimulus interval as the sound pairs.
As reported in Noppeney et al. [ 2006], response times for the one-back identity task did not differ for written words (625 ms) or pictures of objects (636 ms), and there was no interaction of stimulus modality (words vs. pictures) with stimulus category (animals vs. tools).
From an epistemological point of view both Lowe and Hale provide a picture of our knowledge of modality that sharply contrasts with accounts that take conceivability or intuition to be our fundamental source of justification for believing metaphysically modal truths.
Repeated-measures ANOVA examined the following factors: left inferior frontal gyrus damage (TP-only or PF+ groups), modality (word picture matching versus picture picture matching), aphasia group (semantic aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia) and cycle (1 4).
We repeatedly presented a set of eight instances from two different semantic categories (animals and tools) where each instance appeared in three modalities: as a picture, as a spoken word or as a written word.
