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Using multimodal (written and pictorial) stimulus material we highlighted the importance of this approach for the understanding of the concept of vicarious embarrassment and its consequences.
Although there were methodological similarities between the latter [1] and current study (e.g., enrollment of healthy men and women as well as the use of an analogous key press/rating procedure), there were also important differences, including a novel pictorial stimulus and a decreased valuational assessment rather than an increased motivational effort displayed by men.
It started with a prime phase in order to strengthen the bond between the required response and the subjective valence of the pictorial stimulus, thus bolstering the affective Simon effect (cf. Huijding et al., 2005).
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However, significant differences emerged within subjects as post-exposure of fear and disgust ratings were higher among expressions that were paired with pictorial stimuli.
Pictorial stimuli, which are images with controlled camera angles and temporal variables while using graphics software were utilized to solicit answers for specific perception on important functional areas.
Attentional biases were found among both chronic pain patients and pain-free individuals for idiosyncratically selected pictorial stimuli (ie, highest ecological validity and personal relevance) but not for generally selected pictorial stimuli or for pain-related word stimuli, irrespective of whether they were idiosyncratically or generally selected.
Although pictures are frequently used in place of real objects to investigate various aspects of cognition in different non-human species, there is little evidence that animals treat pictorial stimuli as representations of the real objects.
A non-clinical sample (N=44 undergraduate students) completed an IRAP designed to assess appraisals of disgust-inducing pictorial stimuli based on the six belief domains at the implicit level.
The current study investigated social anxiety and attentional control using two versions of a task designed to tap intentional shifting of attention and set switching: the standard Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Heaton, 1981) and a modified version that included emotionally salient pictorial stimuli, the Emotional Faces Card Sorting Test (EFCST).
In this task participants were presented with a series of pictorial stimuli with a smoking or non-smoking-related content.
We use factor analysis of fMRI brain imaging data to reveal the biological representation of individual concrete nouns like apple, in the absence of any pictorial stimuli.
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