The Traditional ESS has been translated into a Modified Pictorial version for easy comprehension by the patients.
Comprehension of pictorial materials, which primarily requires visual analysis processes, is comparatively preserved (although not necessarily intact) in Wernicke's aphasia (Robson et al., 2012 b ).
Pictorial illustrations can improve comprehension of medication labels if the illustrations and text are well-matched to each other and are appropriate to the educational and cultural background of the user [ 4, 7].
The findings from both experiments indicate that comprehension of warning pictorials is higher for the relevant highlighting condition than the other two conditions.
Inside and outside the scanner, instructions were presented in a pictorial format because of significantly impaired comprehension in the Wernicke's aphasia group.
Additional research is needed to better understand the cognitive processes that affect comprehension when written and pictorial pharmaceutical instructions are combined, and to develop more effective communication strategies to improve patients' understanding of the proper use of their medications [ 11].
Pictorial flipcharts, audio tapes, pictorial gel use instructions, comprehension checklists, Participant Information Sheets PISS) and Informed Consent Forms (ICFs) in English and Swahili were all approved as part of the ethical review process.
We already demonstrated feasibility and reproducibility of using the Dalhousie scales in a population of Italian children running on a treadmill in the hope that the pictorial nature of the scales would obviate need for verbal descriptors that might limit scale comprehension in subjects with limited literacy or understanding [13].
A set of warning-related pictorials were manipulated according to three-color highlighting conditions: highlighting areas more relevant to correct comprehension, highlighting areas less relevant to comprehension, and no highlighting.
Pictorial instructions may be provided in an effort to make the procedural information more readily accessible and its comprehension less dependent on the individual's background or prior knowledge [ 5- 7].
