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We investigate the influences of velocity range constraints and picking errors on the proposed technique.
Therefore, to model our algorithm's sensitivity to picking errors, we add a set of random picking errors to the synthetic arrival times at each receiver, ranging from 0 to 5%% of the calculated travel time.
Figure 11 suggests that increasing picking errors will increase location errors; for example, if picking errors reach 20%% of computed travel times, locations of microseismic events will be poorly constrained.
This can greatly influence the effectiveness of our technique, so it is imperative to minimize picking errors.
Compared with borehole observations, the picking errors of P-wave arrivals are relatively large at the surface.
Figure 9 shows that the perforation shot can still be located close to its true position, despite picking errors.
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This large error can be produced by picking error in seismic reflection images (Marcaillou et al. 2006) and by the discrepancy between the true value and the adopted value of the P-wave velocity, as well as the thermal conductivity of the sediment (Ganguly et al. 2000; Henrys et al. 2003).
29 The sensitivity of the NRLS at picking up errors has been questioned in the past 30 the low power of the study limits generalisability of results to the entire NRLS.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/136/prepub The authors would like to thank Zaid Chalabi (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) for reading the article in draft, picking up errors and making helpful suggestions which contributed to the intellectual content.
As we conservatively assume that traveltime residuals after inversion consist of pick errors, source/station uncertainties, and other noises, we added Gaussian noise, with a standard deviation of 1.1 s, to the synthetic traveltimes.
Gaussian noise with a standard deviation of 1.5 s (equal to the rms residuals after inversion) was added to the synthetic travel times and noise with a standard deviation of 15 km was added to the event locations to perform the pick errors, source uncertainties, and other noises (Pei and Chen, 2012).
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