The aim of the present study was to describe the physiological configurations of the pulp system within a wide spectrum of tooth ages.
Despite recent studies describing the pulpar anatomy of equine cheek teeth [ 1, 2], knowledge regarding physiological configurations and age-related changes of the pulp cavity remains incomplete [ 3].
The aim of the present study was to identify common physiological configurations of the pulp systems within different Triadan positions, to describe morphological features, and to analyse age-related changes.
As a result our model allows the body to assume any geometrically feasible configuration with physiological bounds.
The reversal of the physiological ball and socket configuration of the humerus and glenoid has become a clinically successful concept which, however, changes joint physiology and biomechanics [ 2, 7] and bears the potential for complications which have been reported to be more frequent than those of conventional total shoulder replacement.
To this end, we present an engineering control framework for understanding calcium homeostasis, which is predicated on a configuration of the physiological system in terms of appropriately connected control system components (sensor, controller and actuator).
As a first step in creating a completely autologous TEVG, our objective was to develop a novel system for culturing undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) in a three-dimensional (3D) configuration and under physiological pulsatile flow and pressure conditions.
HD tDCS utilizes small disc electrodes deployed in 4 × 1 ring configuration whereby the physiological effects of the induced electric field are thought to be grossly constrained to the cortical area circumscribed by the ring.
For the MES-induced seizure model, the shock level was set at 160 V and the duration was set at 5.4 s with continuous wave under the eighth configuration, using a physiological and pharmacological electronic stimulator (Jinan, Shandong, China).
This experiment was performed at two different extracellular calcium concentrations: low extracellular calcium (0.4 mM) typically used to examine synaptic transmission in current clamp configuration, and at physiological calcium (1.5 mM) to control for the recent observation that action potential repolarization is faster at elevated extracellular calcium.
