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The physical model includes two scaled waterjets, with the jet orientation under control.
The physical model includes the effects of liquid evaporation and condensation inside the heat pipe.
The physical model includes ionizing radiation from various stellar populations, and the mechanical energy input and chemical enrichment from SNe.
The physical model includes the heat equation for both the liquid and solid phases; the Gibbs Thomson law couples velocity and curvature of the interface and the temperature.
The physical model includes the limitations in the heat transfer processes and losses due to the pumping effects and the costing methodology was defined considering a purchase cost equation representative of each system component.
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Calibration experiments are performed, and a physical model including mass transfer and reactions inside the porous electrode as well as information about the concentration boundary layer from the CFD results is set up.
Physical models include Paris' law, fracture mechanics model and one-stage gearbox dynamics model.
Moreover, physical models including Shockley-Read-Hall recombination, Fermi statistics as well as doping and electric field-dependent mobility are also used.
5 The well-known concept of physical frailty model includes slowness, weakness, exhaustion, low activity and weight loss.
The physical model also includes many other federated data sources which are not in the conceptual model such as the gene alias names (ref_homologene_2_gene_alias), and minimotif annotation literature sources (motif_source_pubmedsource) which are linked to the ref_pubmedsource table (not shown).
The model includes crucial physical, chemical and biokinetic processes of microalgae as well as bacteria in wastewater.
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